Publications and events

One of PSD2’s most contested provisions during the negotiation process related to “third party payment service providers”, later redefined as (i) Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISPs) and (ii) Account Information Service Providers (AISPs).

These are not new services, but they will now be subject to regulation for the first time, and through regulation could achieve the stability to enable a new wave of innovation based on the additional functionality.

PISPs include providers such as Sofort and Trustly, and also bank-led initiatives such as the Dutch iDEAL. They essentially enable a user to initiate a payment transaction from their own bank account, to the bank account of the merchant, over existing banking networks. PISPs add value by facilitating the payment from the merchant’s checkout, populating the payment instruction page with transaction and payee data.

AISPs on the other hand include Yodlee as well as Intuit’s Mint; both offer services that enable users to aggregate data from different financial services providers using . This is done by logging into a user’s account and “scraping” the relevant data, and doing so again for the various financial products: bank accounts, loan accounts, credit cards etc. The user is then able to review their financial information at a single location; and more significantly, may be offered tools to analyse the data, compare prices, make suggestions on service providers and perhaps be offered additional products – all tailored to the user’s specific needs.

During the negotiation process, banks proposed that PISPs and AISPs enter into legal contracts with “account servicing payment service providers” (ASPSPs)- such as banks, before they could access users’ accounts. This might have also created a framework for cost sharing or for fees to be applied. This was rejected by legislators who feared it would act as a barrier to take-up, and set out provisions for unencumbered access wherever there was an online banking interface. Similarly, legislators provided that ASPSPs could not prohibit customers from using their ASPSP account authentication credentials with third party service providers.

PSD2 has also tasked the EBA with developing regulatory technical standards on “secure open standards of communication” between the various parties. This falls short of mandating an API, and was welcomed by PISPs who feared that the development of more detailed specifications could be used as a proxy for limiting bank account and information access.

There are benefits for customers generally, but also for payment service providers looking to offer new payment products. The first is in lowering the cost of funding for these products. E-money issuers for example have an acquiring cost associated with enabling consumers to purchase e-money and funding their accounts or prepaid cards. Direct bank transfers would lessen dependence on debit and credit card funding, lowering the cost of acquiring, and in turn enabling more competitive consumer and merchant fees.

Secondly, and as trailed within PSD2 text, the Commission foresees the migration of these services to the physical world. PISPs could issue “debit cards” linked to users’ own bank accounts, triggering payments over the banking network, and bypassing card schemes. This could save on interchange and other card related fees, but will of course be subject to the PISPs’ own fees.

AISP services have a distinct appeal. They have the potential of concentrating value and creating a single reference point for users. Aggregating user data, mining this information, providing users with tools to better understand their finances, and presenting money saving choices and offers, perhaps in a PSP agnostic environment, have the potential to build consumer trust and to provide a gateway to financial services.

The article “PSD2 Newly regulated services” was written by Dr Thaer Sabri, EMA CEO

On December 19, 2014, citing an increase in fraud, the European Banking Authority (EBA) published its Final Guidelines on the Security of Internet Payments. These guidelines detail minimum security requirements that payment services providers (PSPs) supervised by financial services regulators in the EU were expected to satisfy by August 1, 2015.

As of the end of May 2015, 24 national regulatory authorities in the E.U. stated that they would comply with these guidelines, two (Cyprus and Sweden) indicated partial compliance, while three (Estonia, Slovakia and the U.K.) indicated they would not comply.

The payment services that fall within the scope of these guidelines include all Internet payment services, irrespective of the access device used, that involve:

• The use of most payment cards, including card registration for use in digital wallets;
• The transfer of funds out of customers’ bank accounts (through credit transfers or the issuance of direct debit mandates); and
• E-money transfers between two e-money accounts.

These guidelines do not apply to mobile payments where a payment instruction is provided through a dedicated payment application executing on the customer’s mobile device or to the use of short message service (SMS) technology.

The impact of some of these requirements on the operational processes of many payment service providers (PSPs) will be significant. Many will have to deploy additional security controls, revise user-facing processes and require that their online merchants and third-party service providers can satisfy these requirements.

Further complicating the regulatory landscape for PSPs is the impending adoption of the final text of the Revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) later in 2015. PSD2 also includes specific security requirements on customer authentication that are similar (but not identical) to the requirements in the EBA guidelines.

The impact of some of these requirements on the operational processes of many payment service providers (PSPs) will be significant.

The expectation is that after adoption by the EU the PSD2 will be transposed into national legislation over a period of 24 months. At that time, PSD2 requirements will supersede the EBA guidelines in the supervisory frameworks of national regulators that have chosen to comply with them.

End of the line for single-factor authentication?
To attain strong customer authentication under EBA guidelines PSPs must deploy procedures that use a minimum of two independent authentication elements – categorised as knowledge, ownership and inherence. Furthermore, authentication procedures are required to incorporate at least one element that is non-reusable and non-replicable and not “capable of being surreptitiously stolen via the internet.” Importantly, inherence-based authentication elements like biometrics are excluded from this requirement.

The impact of this requirement is compounded by the EBA’s apparent adoption of a loose definition of sensitive payment. A wide range of the personally identifiable information (PII) held by PSPs falls within the scope of this definition.

The introduction of these guidelines is expected to further accelerate the ongoing migration of PSP customer authentication processes from single-factor authentication (SFA) to multi-factor authentication (MFA) procedures. The use of static password/user ID credentials will likely be limited to controlling access to less sensitive account overview/profile.

Using the mobile communications channel
Since many PSPs are unlikely to distribute hardware tokens/cards to their customers, wider use of the mobile communications channel to support a MFA customer authentication procedure should be expected. Many PSPs already offer their customers dedicated mobile applications for most mobile device operating systems.

Extending the use of such applications to generate a one-time password (OTP) that is subsequently entered by the customer as part of a multi-factor authentication procedure may be an approach favoured by many PSPs regulated in the E.U. The use of SMS-based solutions to deliver an OTP to a registered customer mobile device could be an alternative approach.

Biometrics going mainstream
The growing availability of biometric-based authentication on consumer mobile devices provides an opportunity for mobile application developers to use them as part of a MFA process. As stated previously, the use of a biometric authentication element in an MFA process allows a PSP to satisfy these EBA guidelines without needing to bear the cost/complexity of deploying an infrastructure that generates and distributes one-time passwords over an alternative channel.

The EBA guidelines introduce explicit requirements for PSPs that issue payment cards to register their cards for use with strong customer authentication services; digital wallet providers are required to support the use of such services for card registration and subsequent payments. PSPs that acquire card payments are also required to support the use of strong customer authentication services.

The language used appears to point to the use of solutions based on the 3D Secure extended cardholder authentication protocol for online payments. It must be noted that legacy 3D Secure variants that use static passwords do not meet the EBA definition of strong customer authentication. In the past, PSPs have been wary of the deployment of 3D Secure solutions since they are perceived to increase friction in the customer experience and lead to increased numbers of failed/abandoned transactions.

Transaction risk analysis
The EBA guidelines allow PSPs to use alternative customer authentication solutions for low-risk transactions. To limit the scope of strong customer authentication sessions, PSPs are increasingly using automated transaction risk-analysis tools to monitor and assign risk ratings to attempted transactions on a real-time basis. A number of these tools offer a dynamic reconfiguration capability coupled with enhanced “learning” abilities.

Impact on customer experience
The impact of the adoption of these guidelines by EU financial services regulators on Internet payment interactions of non-EU customers could be significant. Global PSPs that are regulated in the EU are expected to change customer authentication procedures, their website design and a number of back-office processes to comply. Over a period of time, such changes are likely to be extended to instances of their payment services offered to non-EU customers to maintain a consistent customer experience.

This article was written by Dimitrios Markakis, Senior consultant at Flawless Money Ltd 

First published in n>genuity journal- http://tsys.com/ngenuity-journal/index.html

1. The CJEU published its findings on the Hedqvist v Swedish Supreme Administrative Court (C264/14) today; which was consistent with the earlier opinion from the advocate general. The question was whether the sale of bitcoin fell within the scope of VAT, and if so, whether it could benefit from any of the exemptions to the regime. The answer is that bitcoin can benefit from the same exemption that is available to cash, meaning that bitcoin can be used as an effective means of payment. Had VAT been chargeable on bitcoin itself, it would have made its use as a currency impossible. This is because, for example the purchase of £10 worth of bitcoin would cost £12 in the UK, if the VAT rate was 20%, but leaving the user with just £10 of bitcoin to spend. There would in effect be a double Charge of VAT, first on the bitcoin and then on the chargeable item being purchased.

It is likely that other similar digital currencies could also benefit from this treatment. This is a great result for providers across the European Union as the judgment does not only apply to Sweden but also to all other Member States.

Congratulations to David Hedqvist for seeing this through, and the bitcoin companies that supported him in the case.

2. The EBA published its draft Guidelines on the risk factors that have to be taken into consideration when considering whether to apply simplified due diligence (SDD) or enhanced due diligence (EDD) to a customer.

The SDD provisions are of particular importance, and whilst most of the provisions are balanced and well informed, there is an exception. Currently e-money issuers are able to postpone verification of identity until a cumulative (annual) spend threshold of EUR 2500 had been reached – subject to other conditions. The draft Guidelines, (which are open for consultation until the 22nd of January) leave the limit open, and should offer significant flexibility depending on the approach of the national member state regulator.

It can in fact be argued that higher limits better address law enforcement concerns, as they encourage cash substitution while providing far more visibility and traceability of users. This is the case even when relying on SDD provisions.

Postponement of CDD is not only a matter of convenience or cost, it is one of access to customers. New innovative payment service providers who need to build their user base must ensure low barriers to entry.

The EMA will respond to the consultation and represent the views of e-money issuers. This is a matter of significant importance, and is worthy of attention.

The above article was written by Dr Thaer Sabri, EMA CEO

The current PSD sets out ‘negative scope’ provisions that list a range of services that would be considered out of scope of payments regulation. Many of these followed pre-existing legal and commercial practice, while others simply draw a distinction between electronic and paper based payment products.

Three of these exemptions have been much used by new payment service providers, and all have been amended in some way by PSD2 in response to competing business and regulatory policy objectives.

(i) The first and much discussed is the limited network exemption; a demarcation of three circumstances where payments regulation is disproportionate. It exempts from the PSD (and EMD2) payment schemes that are limited by geography, limited by the number of merchants participating or by the range of goods and services for which payments are made. This is a key exemption that exempts staff canteens, book tokens as well as many gift card products. Regulators have however struggled with the interpretation of ‘limited’, and continue to do so. In an effort to contain the size of such schemes PSD2 has introduced ‘very limited’ to one limb and qualified issuers as ‘professional’ in another. More significantly however, notification is now required if the turnover associated with exempt schemes exceed EUR 1m. This is likely to increase regulators’ workload significantly, without necessarily increasing clarity or pan European consistency. A new limb provides products with a specific tax or social purpose such as ‘luncheon vouchers’ with exemption now and these are also free from notification obligations.

(ii) The second exemption relates to commercial agents, and provides for some conditions to be fulfilled. The idea is that where a payment is undertaken to a party acting as commercial agent for another person, then the agent does not provide a payment service; they simply receive the payment on behalf of their principal as payee. This is an important exemption and has been relied upon by bill payment service providers for decades. It also precedes the PSD. Increasing use of this arrangement by e-commerce platforms has however prompted a change limiting its scope of application. PSD2 now prohibits such arrangements where the agent acts for both payer and payee. It is not clear however if the change achieves the intended purpose.

(iii) The third exemption, the ‘IT Operator’ exemption, widely used by mobile network operators to offer premium rate service payments has been relaxed in some ways and restricted in others. It now extends the scope of products that can be purchased under the exemption, from digital goods that are delivered to a device to the purchase of ‘tickets’ and also to charitable donations. Simultaneously however, it introduces transaction and cumulative turnover limits that apply to each subscriber.

The nature of the changes, their impact and interpretation will be another focus of discussion at next week’s EMA Conference.

The article “PSD2 Exemptions” was written by Dr Thaer Sabri, EMA CEO